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1 خاصية
خَاصِّيَّة \ peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: The chemical properties of a material. quality: (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.): Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: it is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. \ خَاصِّيَّة \ peculiarity: sth. strange and unusual; a strange quality. \ See Also صِفَة غَريبة أو خَاصَّة \ خَاصِّيَّة مُمَيَّزة \ speciality, specialty: a special interest or product: Fish dishes are the speciality of this restaurant. -
2 صفة
صِفَة \ adjective: a describing word, such as big, bold, nice, that names a quality or defines a noun. capacity: position: I asked my friend to advise me in his capacity as a lawyer. \ صِفَة غير سابِقة للاسم بالإنجليزية \ predicative: (of an adjective) not placed in front of a noun: ‘asleep’ is a predicative adjective; we cannot say "an asleep boy", but we say "The boy is asleep". \ صِفَة مُسْتَعْمَلَة قبل الاسم بالإنجليزية \ attributive: used before its noun, as in: the lazy boy. \ صِفَة مُمَيِّزة \ characteristic: a special quality of sb. or sth.: A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch mice. peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: the chemical properties of a material. quality: (of people) a part of one’s character or abilities: Courage and honesty are good qualities; laziness is a bad one. Speed and strength are necessary qualities in a runner, (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.) Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: It is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
3 characteristic
صِفَة مُمَيِّزة \ characteristic: a special quality of sb. or sth.: A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch mice. peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: the chemical properties of a material. quality: (of people) a part of one’s character or abilities: Courage and honesty are good qualities; laziness is a bad one. Speed and strength are necessary qualities in a runner, (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.) Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: It is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
4 peculiarity
صِفَة مُمَيِّزة \ characteristic: a special quality of sb. or sth.: A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch mice. peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: the chemical properties of a material. quality: (of people) a part of one’s character or abilities: Courage and honesty are good qualities; laziness is a bad one. Speed and strength are necessary qualities in a runner, (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.) Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: It is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
5 property
صِفَة مُمَيِّزة \ characteristic: a special quality of sb. or sth.: A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch mice. peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: the chemical properties of a material. quality: (of people) a part of one’s character or abilities: Courage and honesty are good qualities; laziness is a bad one. Speed and strength are necessary qualities in a runner, (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.) Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: It is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
6 quality
صِفَة مُمَيِّزة \ characteristic: a special quality of sb. or sth.: A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to catch mice. peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: the chemical properties of a material. quality: (of people) a part of one’s character or abilities: Courage and honesty are good qualities; laziness is a bad one. Speed and strength are necessary qualities in a runner, (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.) Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: It is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
7 peculiarity
خَاصِّيَّة \ peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: The chemical properties of a material. quality: (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.): Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: it is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
8 property
خَاصِّيَّة \ peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: The chemical properties of a material. quality: (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.): Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: it is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
9 quality
خَاصِّيَّة \ peculiarity: sth. belonging only to (a person, place, time, etc.): the peculiarities of English pronunciation. property: a special quality that belongs to sth.: The chemical properties of a material. quality: (of things) a part of the nature of sth. (its material, its usefulness, etc.): Copper has the right qualities for electric wiring: it is strong but bends easily, is not harmed by water, and lets electricity flow through it fast. -
10 propiedad química
f.chemicity, chemical property.* * *(n.) = chemical propertyEx. This paper analyzes samples of historic and modern palm leaf with regard to the physical and chemical properties determining the usability and the ageing behaviour of the material.* * *(n.) = chemical propertyEx: This paper analyzes samples of historic and modern palm leaf with regard to the physical and chemical properties determining the usability and the ageing behaviour of the material.
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11 hoja de palmera
(n.) = palm leafEx. This paper analyzes samples of historic and modern palm leaf with regard to the physical and chemical properties determining the usability and the ageing behaviour of the material.* * *(n.) = palm leafEx: This paper analyzes samples of historic and modern palm leaf with regard to the physical and chemical properties determining the usability and the ageing behaviour of the material.
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12 propiedad física
f.physical property.* * *(n.) = physical propertyEx. This paper analyzes samples of historic and modern palm leaf with regard to the physical and chemical properties determining the usability and the ageing behaviour of the material.* * *(n.) = physical propertyEx: This paper analyzes samples of historic and modern palm leaf with regard to the physical and chemical properties determining the usability and the ageing behaviour of the material.
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13 Perkin, Sir William Henry
[br]b. 12 March 1838 London, Englandd. 14 July 1907 Sudbury, England[br]English chemist, discoverer of aniline dyes, the first synthetic dyestuffs.[br]He early showed an aptitude for chemistry and in 1853 entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a student under A.W.von Hofmann, the first Professor at the College. By the end of his first year, he had carried out his first piece of chemical research, on the action of cyanogen chloride on phenylamine, which he published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1857). He became honorary assistant to von Hofmann in 1857; three years previously he had set up his own chemical laboratory at home, where he had discovered the first of the azo dyes, aminoazonapththalene. In 1856 Perkin began work on the synthesis of quinine by oxidizing a salt of allyl toluidine with potassium dichromate. Substituting aniline, he obtained a dark-coloured precipitate which proved to possess dyeing properties: Perkin had discovered the first aniline dye. Upon receiving favourable reports on the new material from manufacturers of dyestuffs, especially Pullars of Perth, Perkin resigned from the College and turned to the commercial exploitation of his discovery. This proved highly successful. From 1858, the dye was manufactured at his Greenford Green works as "Aniline Purple" or "Tyrian Purple". It was later to be referred to by the French as mauve. Perkin's discovery led to the development of the modern dyestuffs industry, supplanting dyes from the traditional vegetable sources. In 1869, he introduced two new methods for making the red dye alizarin, in place of the process that involved the use of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). In spite of German competition, he dominated the British market until the end of 1873. After eighteen years in chemical industry, Perkin retired and devoted himself entirely to the pure chemical research which he had been pursuing since the 1850s. He eventually contributed ninety papers to the Chemical Society and further papers to other bodies, including the Royal Society. For example, in 1867 he published his synthesis of unsaturated organic acids, known as "Perkin's synthesis". Other papers followed, on the structure of "Aniline Purple". In 1881 Perkin drew attention to the magnetic-rotatory power of some of the substances he had been dealing with. From then on, he devoted particular attention to the application of this phenomenon to the determination of chemical structure.Perkin won wide recognition for his discoveries and other contributions to chemistry.The half-centenary of his great discovery was celebrated in July 1906 and later that year he received a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1906. FRS 1866. President, Chemical Society 1883–5. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1884–5. Royal Society Royal Medal 1879; Davy Medal 1889.Bibliography26 August 1856, British patent no. 1984 (Aniline Purple).1867, "The action of acetic anhydride upon the hydrides of salicyl, etc.", Journal of the Chemical Society 20:586 (the first description of Perkin's synthesis).Further ReadingS.M.Edelstein, 1961, biography in Great Chemists, ed. E.Farber, New York: Interscience, pp. 757–72 (a reliable, short account).R.Meldola, 1908, Journal of the Chemical Society 93:2,214–57 (the most detailed account).LRDBiographical history of technology > Perkin, Sir William Henry
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14 Carothers, Wallace Hume
[br]b. 27 April 1896 Burlington, Iowa, USAd. 29 April 1937 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American chemist, inventor of nylon.[br]After graduating in chemistry, Carothers embarked on academic research at several universities, finally at Harvard University. His earliest published papers, from 1923, heralded the brilliance and originality of his later work. In 1928, Du Pont de Nemours persuaded him to forsake the academic world to lead their new organic-chemistry group in a programme of fundamental research at their central laboratories at Wilmington, Delaware. The next nine years were extraordinarily productive, yielding important contributions to theoretical organic chemistry and the foundation of two branches of chemical industry, namely the production of synthetic rubber and of wholly synthetic fibres.Carothers began work on high molecular weight substances yielding fibres and introduced polymerization by condensation: polymerization by addition was already known. He developed a clear understanding of the relation between the repeating structural units in a large molecule and its physical chemical properties. In 1931, Carothers found that chloroprene could be polymerized much faster than isoprene, the monomer in natural rubber. This process yielded polychloroprene or neoprene, a synthetic rubber with improved properties. Manufacture began the following year, and the material has continued to be used for speciality rubbers.There followed many publications announcing new condensations polymers. On 2 January 1935, he obtained a patent for the formation of new polyamides, including one from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamene. After four years of development work, which cost Du Pont some $27 million, this new polyamide, or nylon, reached the stage of commercial production, beginning on 23 October 1938. Nylon stockings appeared the following year and 64 million were sold during the first twelve months. However, Carothers saw none of this spectacular success: he had died by his own hand in 1937, after a long history of gradually intensifying depression.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsElected to the National Academy of Science 1936 (he was the first industrial organic chemist to be so honoured).BibliographyH.M.Whitby and G.S.Whitby, 1940, Collected Papers of Wallace H.Carothers on Polymerisation, New York.Further ReadingR.Adams, 1939, memoir, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 20:293–309 (includes a complete list of Carothers's sixty-two scientific papers and most of his sixty-nine US patents).LRDBiographical history of technology > Carothers, Wallace Hume
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15 Gibson, R.O.
[br]fl. 1920s–30s[br]English chemist who, with E.O.Fawcett, discovered polythene.[br]Dr Gibson's work towards the discovery of polythene had its origin in a visit in 1925 to Dr A. Michels of Amsterdam University; the latter had made major advances in techniques for studying chemical reactions at very high pressures. After working with Michels for a time, in 1926 Gibson joined Brunner Mond, one of the companies that went on to form the chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The company supported research into fundamental chemical research that had no immediate commercial application, including the field being cultivated by Michels and Gibson. In 1933 Gibson was joined by another ICI chemist, E.O.Fawcett, who had worked with W.H. Carothers in the USA on polymer chemistry. They were asked to study the effects of high pressure on various reaction systems, including a mixture of benzaldehyde and ethylene. Gibson's notebook for 27 March that year records that after a loss of pressure during which the benzaldehyde was blown out of the reaction tube, a waxy solid was observed in the tube. This is generally recognized as the first recorded observation of polythene. By the following June they had shown that the white, waxy solid was a fairly high molecular weight polymer of ethylene formed at a temperature of 443°K and a pressure of 2,000 bar. However, only small amounts of the material were produced and its significance was not immediately recognized. It was not until two years later that W.P.Perrin and others, also ICI chemists, restarted work on the polymer. They showed that it could be moulded, drawn into threads and cast into tough films. It was a good electrical insulator and almost inert chemically. A British patent for producing polythene was taken out in 1936, and after further development work a production plant began operating in September 1939, just as the Second World War was breaking out. Polythene had arrived in time to make a major contribution to the war effort, for it had the insulating properties required for newly developing work on radar. When peacetime uses became possible, polythene production surged ahead and became the major industry it is today, with a myriad uses in industry and in everyday life.[br]Bibliography1964, The Discovery of Polythene, Royal Institute of Chemistry Lecture Series 1, London.LRD -
16 Crookes, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 17 June 1832 London, Englandd. 4 April 1919 London, England[br]English chemist and physicist who carried out studies of electrical discharges and cathode rays in rarefied gases, leading to the development of the cathode ray tube; discoverer of the element thallium and the principle of the Crookes radiometer.[br]Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1897. Order of Merit 1910. FRS 1863. President, Royal Society 1913–15. Honorary LLD Birmingham. Honorary DSc Oxon, Cambridge, Sheffield, Durham, Ireland and Cape of Good Hope.Bibliography1874, On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation.1874, "Researches in the phenomenon of spiritualism", Society of Metaphysics; reprinted in facsimile, 1986.For many years he was also Proprietor and Editor of Chemical News.Further ReadingE.E.Fournier D'Albe, 1923, Life of Sir William Crookes. Who Was Who II, 1916–28, London: A. \& C. Black. T.I.Williams, 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. See also Braun, Karl Ferdinand.KF / MG -
17 большой
•Amply-dimensional flywheels...
•This small grader is built to handle those jobs for which a full-size grader would be an extravagance.
•A major installation such as our laboratory...
•A sizable arc forms between the contacts.
•The solar system may remain in existence without major changes for... additional years.
•Metal is not believed to make much ( of a) contribution to the interior material of the mantle.
* * *Большой -- considerable, substantial, significant, large, major, great; sizable, marked (ощутимый, заметный); extreme (очень большой); wide (широкий)The initial conditions on these numericial solutions were altered to impart a sizeable value to the initial derivative of outlet flowrate.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > большой
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18 большой
•Amply-dimensional flywheels...
•This small grader is built to handle those jobs for which a full-size grader would be an extravagance.
•A major installation such as our laboratory...
•A sizable arc forms between the contacts.
•The solar system may remain in existence without major changes for... additional years.
•Metal is not believed to make much ( of a) contribution to the interior material of the mantle.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > большой
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19 Goodyear, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, USAd. 1 July 1860 New York, USA[br]American inventor of the vulcanization of rubber.[br]Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrande Médaille d'honneur 1855. Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1855.Bibliography15 June 1844, US patent no. 3633 (vulcanization of rubber).1853, Gum Elastic and Its Varieties (includes some biographical material).Further ReadingB.K.Pierce, 1866, Trials of an Inventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear.H.Allen, 1989, Charles Goodyear: An Intimate Biographical Sketch, Akron, Ohio: Goodyear Tire \& Rubber Company.LRD -
20 Nylon
Nylon was first made in the laboratories of E.I. du Pont de Nemours, of Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A., under the direction of the late Dr. W. H. Carothers as a result of researches started 1928. In October, 1938, it -was announced to the world that a new form of textile fibre had been made by man, and that " nylon " was to be its name. Nylon stockings were on sale to the general public in U.S.A. on May 15, 1940, and many other items of wearing apparel were shown at the New York Pair that summer. In Great Britain, plans made jointly before the war by Courtaulds and Imperial Chemical Industries were responsible for production being started in 1941 by British Nylon Spinners Limited. The " 66 " polymer (each molecule of these reagents contains 6 carbon atoms and hence the name or designation " 66 ") was first made in 1935. Nylon is a name, not for a single material, but for a whole class or family of entirely new materials. There are many nylons and there may be many more. Nylon is the generic or family name for them all, just as glass and coal are names of classes of substances. Nylon, in the general sense, is a man-made material having a chemical composition akin to proteins, of which silk, hair and wool are examples, although nylon has not an exact counterpart in nature. It is not an " artificial " product, nor a man-made copy of a natural material. It can be made up into powders, sheets, solutions, strands or yarns, each with special properties according to requirements. The " 66 " polymer, from which yam is made, was synthesised in 1933, although not announced to the world until October, 1938. The raw material from which the diamine and acid for making " 66 " polymer are obtained are phenol from coal, oxygen and nitrogen from the air, and hydrogen from water. Particularly suitable where high elasticity is required. Uses include parachute fabrics, tyre cords, glider tow ropes, shoe laces webbing, braid, tape and thread, fully-fashioned hosiery, seamless hosiery, underwear fabrics, lace, nets, dress fabrics, marquisettes, neckties, transparent velvet, coated fabrics for raincoats and food covers. Industrial uses include shoe fabrics, sash cords, window screens, filters and bolting fabrics, also slip covers, motor car upholstery, shirtings, tents and shower curtains.
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